$120.00
The initial four amino acids within Tβ4 modulate its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Tβ4 demonstrates significant effects in alleviating inflammation. For instance, in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Tβ4 treatment notably reduced the number of inflammatory cells within the brains, as observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, in models related to liver injury induced by ethanol and lipopolysaccharide, Tβ4 impeded the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein IκB. This action effectively prevented the production of proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, in a neonatal mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Tβ4 treatment demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the increase in inflammatory factors triggered by ethanol, leading to reduced expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β.
